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Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

A Guide to Examining Intramuscular Fat Formation and its Cellular Origin in Skeletal Muscle
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Muscle hypertrophy and pseudohypertrophy.

Jon Walters

    Practical Neurology
    |August 6, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Neuromuscular disorders can cause muscle enlargement, either true hypertrophy or pseudohypertrophy. Recognizing this physical exam finding aids in diagnosing conditions like myotonia congenita and neuromyotonia.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Clinical Examination
    • Muscle Physiology

    Background:

    • Physical examination is crucial for diagnosing neuromuscular weakness.
    • Muscle enlargement is a key finding during inspection.
    • Differentiating true hypertrophy from pseudohypertrophy is diagnostically important.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline conditions causing muscle enlargement.
    • To highlight the diagnostic significance of muscle hypertrophy and pseudohypertrophy.
    • To aid neurologists in identifying potential neuromuscular disorders.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of conditions causing muscle enlargement.
    • Clinical differentiation between true muscle hypertrophy and pseudohyperpertrophy.
    • Correlation of physical findings with underlying myopathic and neurogenic causes.
    Keywords:
    myopathic hypertrophyneurogenic hypertrophypseudohypertrophy

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    Main Results:

    • Muscle enlargement can result from true hypertrophy (e.g., myotonia congenita, neuromyotonia) or pseudohypertrophy (infiltration).
    • Pseudohypertrophic muscles often exhibit paradoxical weakness.
    • Identifying muscle enlargement as a clinical clue can narrow diagnostic possibilities.

    Conclusions:

    • Muscle enlargement is a significant physical examination finding in neuromuscular disorders.
    • Distinguishing between true and false muscle enlargement aids in diagnosis.
    • This observation facilitates the identification of myopathic and neurogenic conditions.