A subwavelength spot and a three-dimensional optical trap formed by a single planar element with azimuthal light

The generation of subwavelength spots smaller than the Abbe diffraction limit has attracted great interest due to the various applications in many fields, such as high-density optical data storage and particle manipulation. Planar optics that can miniaturize conventional refractive optics have become increasingly attractive. In this work, we first formed a subwavelength bright spot and a three-dimensional optical trap under the illumination of an azimuthally polarized (AP) beam by only a single planar element, a spiral zone plate (SZP). Initially, the SZP was proposed as a computer-generated hologram to generate optical phase singularities. However, the SZP in this work was used to focus and modulate the incident AP beam with a vortex phase simultaneously. Therefore, no additional vortex phase modulating element was introduced in our method. The SZP has an ultra-long focal length of 250λ for a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.95 and an incident wavelength of 632.8 nm. The generated spot is purely transversely polarized with a lateral full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.43λ beyond the diffraction limit of 0.54λ. The generated focal field formed a stable optical trap for a Rayleigh dielectric particle in three dimensions.