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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source
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Single photon detection in a waveguide-coupled Ge-on-Si lateral avalanche photodiode.

Nicholas J D Martinez, Michael Gehl, Christopher T Derose

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    |August 10, 2017
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    We demonstrate single photon detection using a waveguide-coupled germanium-on-silicon avalanche photodiode (APD) operating in gated-Geiger mode. This device achieves low dark counts, crucial for sensitive photon detection applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Semiconductor Devices
    • Quantum Optics

    Background:

    • Integrated photonics requires efficient single-photon detectors.
    • Germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) technology offers a pathway for integrating germanium's optical properties with silicon photonics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the gated-Geiger mode operation of an integrated waveguide-coupled Ge-on-Si lateral avalanche photodiode (APD).
    • To demonstrate single-photon detection capabilities with low dark counts.
    • To optimize performance by studying detection efficiency and dark count rate as a function of temperature.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a waveguide-coupled Ge-on-Si lateral APD using selective epitaxial growth.
    • Implementation of a separate absorption and charge multiplication (SACM) design.
    • Characterization of single-photon detection efficiency and dark count rate at various temperatures.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated single-photon detection at 1310 nm with 5.27% efficiency.
    • Achieved a dark count rate of 534 kHz at 80 K.
    • Reported the lowest dark count rate for a Ge-on-Si single-photon detector in this temperature range, with a jitter of 105 ps.

    Conclusions:

    • The integrated waveguide-coupled Ge-on-Si APD in gated-Geiger mode is a viable technology for single-photon detection.
    • The device exhibits competitive detection efficiency and record-low dark count rates at cryogenic temperatures.
    • This technology is compatible with silicon photonics platforms, paving the way for advanced optical systems.