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Tradeoff between User Experience and BCI Classification Accuracy with Frequency Modulated Steady-State Visual Evoked

Alexander M Dreyer1, Christoph S Herrmann2,3, Jochem W Rieger1,3

  • 1Applied Neurocognitive Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Center for Excellence "Hearing4all", European Medical School, Carl von Ossietzky UniversityOldenburg, Germany.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|August 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Frequency modulated (FM) steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) offer improved user comfort for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) despite a slight reduction in classification performance compared to traditional sinusoidal (SIN) SSVEPs.

Keywords:
brain-computer interface (BCI)electroencephalography (EEG)frequency modulationspatial attentionsteady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) are crucial for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) due to their robustness and high performance.
  • Flickering stimuli in SSVEP-BCIs can cause user discomfort and fatigue, particularly with multiple simultaneous light sources.
  • Novel SSVEP driving signals are being explored to enhance user comfort.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of frequency modulated (FM) carrier signals for SSVEP-BCIs.
  • To compare user experience and BCI performance between FM and traditional sinusoidal (SIN) SSVEPs.
  • To assess the potential of FM-SSVEPs for simultaneous multi-frequency applications.

Main Methods:

  • An offline classification paradigm was used to compare FM and SIN SSVEPs.
  • Four independently flickering light-emitting diodes were employed, with participants overtly attending (fixating) to the stimuli.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) signals, specifically occipital EEG, were recorded and analyzed.

Main Results:

  • BCI classification performance was slightly reduced with FM stimuli compared to SIN stimuli.
  • User comfort was significantly enhanced when using FM SSVEPs.
  • Reliable SSVEPs for covert attention (without fixation) could not be evoked with the current setup.
  • FM-SSVEPs generated from multiple, simultaneously flickering LEDs were successfully classified with high accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Frequency modulation offers a promising avenue for increasing user comfort in SSVEP-BCI applications.
  • FM stimuli can be effectively used with multiple, simultaneously flickering LEDs for SSVEP-BCI generation.
  • Despite a minor performance decrease, the significant improvement in user comfort supports the adoption of FM stimuli in future BCI designs.