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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

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Menopausal hormone therapy for primary prevention: why the USPSTF is wrong.

R D Langer1, J A Simon2, A Pines3

  • 1a Principal Scientist , Jackson Hole Center for Preventive Medicine , Jackson , WY , Associate Dean for Clinical and Translational Research and Professor of Family Medicine , University of Nevada Reno School of Medicine , Reno , NV , USA.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society
|August 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The US Preventive Services Task Force

Keywords:
Menopausebreast cancercardiovascular diseasechronic disease preventionfragility fracturehormone replacement therapyosteoporosis

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Area of Science:

  • Menopausal Health
  • Preventive Health Recommendations
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) issued a draft recommendation on Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) in May 2017.
  • The recommendation focuses on MHT for primary prevention of chronic diseases.
  • This draft recommendation has been criticized for misinterpreting evidence and creating a disconnect with the affected population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive expert response to the USPSTF's draft recommendation statement on Menopausal Hormone Therapy.
  • To address perceived misinterpretations of evidence regarding MHT, particularly concerning coronary heart disease and breast cancer.
  • To advocate for a more rational discourse and prevent potential public health harm from the current draft recommendations.

Main Methods:

  • An ad hoc group of experts in menopausal health reviewed the USPSTF draft recommendation.
  • The experts analyzed the evidence cited by the USPSTF, focusing on data related to coronary heart disease and breast cancer.
  • A comprehensive response was formulated and submitted to the USPSTF.

Main Results:

  • The analysis identified a significant disconnect between the USPSTF's cited data and the population most affected by menopause.
  • Major elements of the evidence, particularly concerning coronary heart disease and breast cancer, were found to be misinterpreted or misstated.
  • There is no statistically significant evidence of harm from MHT for coronary heart disease and breast cancer.

Conclusions:

  • The current USPSTF draft recommendations perpetuate outdated statements and risk causing public health harm.
  • The expert response aims to correct misinterpretations and facilitate evidence-based discussions on Menopausal Hormone Therapy.
  • A revised approach is needed to ensure recommendations accurately reflect the scientific evidence for MHT.