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Related Concept Videos

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
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Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway01:17

Role of ER in the Secretory Pathway

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Eukaryotic cells have a special pathway that enables communication between various intracellular membrane-bound compartments and also with the extracellular environment. This pathway is termed as the secretory pathway.
Components of the secretory pathway
About a third of proteins synthesized in the cell are sorted via the secretory route. They shuffle between different compartments in membrane-bound vesicles until they reach their final destination. The main intracellular compartments involved...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment
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Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment

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Biogenesis and function of ESCRT-dependent extracellular vesicles.

Thomas Juan1, Maximilian Fürthauer1

  • 1Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, France.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|August 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Cellular extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, are crucial for physiological and pathological processes. The Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery plays a key role in their biogenesis and function.

Keywords:
ESCRTEctosomeExosomeExtracellular vesicleMultivesicular endosome

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cells release diverse membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) involved in intercellular communication.
  • EVs, including exosomes and ectosomes, transport proteins and RNAs, impacting physiology and disease.
  • The Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery is implicated in EV biogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cell biological mechanisms of ESCRT in EV biogenesis.
  • To discuss the functional roles of ESCRT-dependent EVs in various biological processes.
  • To highlight the significance of ESCRT in understanding EV formation and function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cell biological mechanisms.
  • Analysis of functional studies on ESCRT-dependent EVs.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on ESCRT and EV biology.

Main Results:

  • ESCRT components are integral to both exosomal and ectosomal biogenesis.
  • ESCRT-dependent EVs mediate developmental signaling, morphogenesis, and social behavior.
  • ESCRT-mediated EV transport is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • The ESCRT machinery is a critical regulator of extracellular vesicle formation and function.
  • Understanding ESCRT's role in EVs offers insights into physiological and pathological processes.
  • Targeting ESCRT-dependent EV pathways may hold therapeutic potential.