Biomacromolecules as tools and objects in nanometrology-current challenges and perspectives

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
• Analytical Chemistry
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Biomacromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides) possess complex properties challenging quantitative analysis compared to small molecules.
• Their molecular recognition and self-organization capabilities allow their use as molecular tools and dimensional platforms.
• Quantitative analysis extends beyond concentration to structure, interaction, activity, and function determination.

Purpose of the Study:

• To address challenges in the quantitative analysis of biomacromolecules.
• To explore the dual role of biomacromolecules as both analytical targets and tools.
• To present novel approaches for accurate biomacromolecule characterization and application.

Main Methods:

• Combining optical techniques (e.g., Raman spectroscopy) with isotope dilution for protein biomarker quantification.
• Modifying isotope dilution-mass spectrometry (ID-MS) protocols for quantifying viral proteins (e.g., HIV viral load).
• Utilizing DNA origami for creating dimensional standards in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy.

Main Results:

• Development of reference measurement procedures for protein biomarkers as alternatives to mass spectrometry.
• Adaptation of ID-MS for accurate HIV viral load determination.
• Demonstration of biomacromolecules as tools for precise dimensional measurements and calibration.

Conclusions:

• Quantitative analysis of biomacromolecules requires specialized approaches due to their complexity.
• Biomacromolecules can serve as both subjects of analysis and sophisticated tools for measurement.
• Advanced techniques offer new possibilities for accurate biomacromolecule quantification and metrological applications.