[Brief survey of some foreign currents of classical acupuncture]

This paper reviews the history of acupuncture's dissemination to Japan, France, and England in the modern period. In particular, it examines how Chinese acupuncture methods were modified in each of these countries and how these modifications were theoretically justified based on new readings of classical texts. In each country, these currents of acupuncture practice all claimed to be transmitting true traditional acupuncture, even as they developed along different trajectories and created new and different theories and practices of acupuncture. Some of these foreign methods were re-exported back to China, where they, in turn, have influenced the development of Chinese acupuncture.