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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

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When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
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Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation01:22

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation

1.6K
Chlorine isotopes exist as 35Cl and 37Cl in a 3:1 ratio, while bromine isotopes exist as 79Br and 81Br in a 1:1 ratio. The mass spectrum of alkyl halides typically produces two distinct molecular ion peaks, the molecular ion peak, [M], and the molecular ion plus two, [M + 2] peak. The relative heights of these two peaks are proportional to the isotopic abundance ratios of the halide. For example, 2‐chloropropane and 1‐bromopropane display two peaks with relative peak heights in a 3:1 and...
1.6K
Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

52.3K
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...
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Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

16.2K
This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
16.2K
Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

10.2K
In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
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Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Soil Sample by a Modified QuEChERS Approach Using Ammonium Formate
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Quantifying Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin Congener Groups.

Bo Yuan1, Christian Bogdal2, Urs Berger3

  • 1Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

Environmental Science & Technology
|August 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantifying short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) is now feasible using specific response factors (RFs) derived from mass spectrometry. This breakthrough enables accurate analysis of complex SCCP mixtures in environmental samples.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Mass Spectrometry

Background:

  • Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are complex mixtures challenging to quantify.
  • Individual congener groups (CnClm) require precise analytical methods.
  • Previous work resolved CnClm using mass spectral deconvolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a method for quantifying individual CnClm congeners in SCCP mixtures.
  • To introduce CnClm-specific response factors (RFs) for accurate quantification.
  • To verify the method's accuracy using technical SCCP mixtures and environmental samples.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 17 SCCP chain-length standards with varying chlorination levels.
  • Measured signal patterns using Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization - Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (APCI-QTOF-MS).
  • Calculated CnClm-specific RFs via pairwise optimization and normal distribution fitting.

Main Results:

  • Verified quantification accuracy for technical SCCP mixtures (82-123%) and spiked environmental samples (76-109%).
  • Achieved low absolute differences (-0.9 to 1.0%Cl) between calculated and reported chlorination degrees.
  • Demonstrated high correlation (R2 > 0.90) across three different mass spectrometry instruments (APCI-QTOF-MS, ECNI magnetic sector MS, ECNI-Q-Orbitrap-MS).

Conclusions:

  • The developed method provides accurate quantification of CnClm in SCCP mixtures.
  • The approach is robust and reproducible across different mass spectrometry platforms.
  • Enables precise environmental monitoring and risk assessment of SCCPs.