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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Heterogeneous recombination among Hepatitis B virus genotypes.

Nadine Castelhano1, Natalia M Araujo2, Miguel Arenas3

  • 1Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution : Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics in Infectious Diseases
|August 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) evolution varies significantly across genotypes. Genotype E shows high recombination, while Genotype G has minimal recombination, impacting future HBV epidemic trends.

Keywords:
HBV evolutionHBV genomeHBV genotypesHepatitis B virusRecombination

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) rapidly evolves through mutation and recombination, leading to diverse genotypes and drug resistance.
  • Recombination is a key driver in the emergence and diversification of novel HBV genotypes.
  • Quantifying recombination rates within genotypes aids in predicting epidemic evolutionary trends.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure global and local recombination rates across nine HBV genotypes (A-I).
  • To understand the role of recombination in the genetic diversification of HBV.
  • To explore the evolutionary history and relationships between HBV genotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of >4700 complete HBV genome sequences.
  • Estimation of global and local recombination rates for each genotype.
  • Construction of a phylogenetic network to visualize evolutionary relationships.

Main Results:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype E exhibits exceptionally high recombination rates, followed by genotypes B and C.
  • Genotype G shows negligible recombination.
  • Phylogenetic analysis revealed common ancestry for genotype pairs (C-I, D-E, F-H), though the virus's origin remains uncertain.

Conclusions:

  • Recombination rates are heterogeneously distributed among HBV genotypes.
  • This heterogeneity in recombination influences the future expansion and evolutionary trajectory of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) epidemic.
  • Understanding genotype-specific recombination is crucial for predicting HBV evolution.