Comparative model analysis of central shunts in vertebrate cardiovascular systems

The incomplete double circulation of air-breathing fishes and lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles and embryonic birds and mammals has been analyzed using a simplified mode comprising the intra- and extracardiac shunts and compartments for the gas exchange (gills, lungs, skin, etc.) as well as systemic tissue gas exchange. The intracardiac shunting is defined and given common symbols for all species of animals analyzed. Two types of equations, fluid-flow and mass-flow equations, are derived for each model, which are solved to give shunting rate as a function of blood O2 content of the principal cardiac compartments and vessels. The model analysis not only offers possibility for an overall average evaluation of central shunts, but also suggests which blood samples must be determined for evaluation of the shunt patterns.