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Proteases in the human full-term placenta.

R Gossrau, R Graf, M Ruhnke

    Histochemistry
    |January 1, 1987
    PubMed
    Summary
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    This study investigated placental enzymes, finding dipeptidyl peptidase IV as a specific marker for x-cells. Other aminopeptidases and enzymes were localized within various placental structures.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Cell Biology
    • Histology

    Background:

    • The human placenta possesses a complex enzymatic machinery crucial for its function.
    • Specific enzymes within placental tissues play roles in nutrient transport, hormone synthesis, and immune modulation.
    • Understanding the localization and function of these enzymes is vital for reproductive health research.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the presence and localization of various peptidases and transferases in the normal human full-term placenta.
    • To identify specific enzymatic markers for placental cell types, particularly x-cells.
    • To analyze molecular differences of enzymes between placental regions.

    Main Methods:

    • Qualitative (catalytic) cytochemistry was employed to visualize enzyme activity.

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  • Isoelectric focusing was used to separate and analyze different molecular forms of enzymes.
  • Immunocytochemistry and kinetic fluorometry provided further detection and characterization.

    • Main Results:

    • Aminopeptidase A was localized in the smooth muscle cells of placental blood vessels.
    • Dipeptidyl peptidase IV was identified in amniotic epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelium, and notably, as a specific marker for x-cells.
    • Dipeptidyl peptidase I and II were found in Hofbauer cells (macrophages) and syncytiotrophoblast; gamma-glutamyl transferase in connective tissue; oxytocinase and endopeptidases were not detected.

    Conclusions:

    • Dipeptidyl peptidase IV serves as the first specific marker for placental x-cells, which form a protective shell around the fetus.
    • Distinct molecular forms of dipeptidyl peptidase IV exist in different placental regions, suggesting functional specialization.
    • The study provides a detailed enzymatic map of the human placenta, highlighting the distribution of key peptidases.