Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Remote Rehabilitation with Virtual Reality and Electromyography
Published on: January 12, 2024
A musculoskeletal model to estimate the relative changes in wrist strength due to interacting wrist and forearm
Nicholas J La Delfa1,2, Jim R Potvin2
1a Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa , Canada.
Abstract:
Wrist rotations about one wrist axis (e.g. flexion/extension) can affect the strength about another wrist axis (e.g. radial/ulnar deviation). This study used a musculoskeletal model of the distal upper extremity, and an optimization approach, to quantify the interaction effects of wrist flexion/extension (FE), radial/ulnar deviation (RUD) and forearm pronation/supination (PS) on wrist strength. Regression equations were developed to predict the relative changes in strength from the neutral posture, so that the changes in strength, due to complex and interacting wrist and forearm rotation postures, can be incorporated within future ergonomics assessments of wrist strength.
Related Concept Videos
Muscles that Move the Forearm
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus
Muscles that Move the Arm
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

