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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

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Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA
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Transcription factor clusters regulate genes in eukaryotic cells.

Adam Jm Wollman1, Sviatlana Shashkova1,2, Erik G Hedlund1

  • 1Biological Physical Sciences Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom.

Elife
|August 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcription factors like Mig1 form clusters to find gene targets faster. These clusters regulate gene expression in yeast, a mechanism potentially applicable to other factors and pathways.

Keywords:
S. cerevisiaebiophysicscell signalingchromosomesgene expressiongenessingle-moleculestructural biologysuper-resolutiontranscription factors

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Gene transcription regulation relies on binding factors interacting with gene promoters.
  • The precise mechanisms by which these factors locate their specific DNA targets remain largely unknown.
  • Understanding transcription factor dynamics is crucial for deciphering gene expression control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the in vivo stoichiometry and spatiotemporal dynamics of the yeast repressor Mig1.
  • To determine if Mig1 functions as individual molecules or in clusters.
  • To elucidate the role of Mig1 clusters in gene regulation and promoter search.

Main Methods:

  • Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to track GFP-tagged Mig1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • 3D yeast genome modeling and simulations to analyze Mig1 cluster behavior.
  • In vitro reconstitution and structural analysis of Mig1.
  • Development of a promoter-specific fluorescent translation reporter.

Main Results:

  • The repressor Mig1 operates in dynamic clusters within yeast cells.
  • Upon extracellular signal detection, these clusters translocate from the cytoplasm to nuclear targets.
  • Simulations and reporter assays confirmed that Mig1 clusters are the functional units of gene regulation.
  • In vitro analysis suggests intrinsically disordered sequences stabilize these clusters via depletion forces.

Conclusions:

  • Transcription factors, like Mig1, may function as clusters to enhance target search efficiency.
  • This cluster model, involving intersegment transfer, potentially reduces promoter search times.
  • Stabilization of gene expression is another key outcome of this clustered regulatory mechanism.
  • Similar clustering was observed for a co-regulatory activator, suggesting a generalized model for transcription factors.