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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 24, 2026

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
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Clonal Evolution of Autoreactive Germinal Centers.

Søren E Degn1, Cees E van der Poel2, Daniel J Firl3

  • 1Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.

Cell
|August 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A novel mouse model reveals how autoreactive germinal centers (GCs) mature and expand, leading to autoantibodies and kidney damage in autoimmune diseases like lupus.

Keywords:
B-lymphocytesautoantibodiesautoantigensautoimmune diseasesautoimmunityautoreactive B cellsepitope spreadinggerminal centerself-tolerancesystemic lupus erythematosus

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VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma
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Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
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Last Updated: Feb 24, 2026

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VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma
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Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
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Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • B cell biology

Background:

  • Germinal centers (GCs) are crucial for antibody production but their role in autoimmunity is unclear.
  • Autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involve autoreactive B cells.
  • Understanding GC dynamics in autoimmunity is vital for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the natural history and maturation of autoreactive germinal centers (GCs).
  • To model the development of self-antigen-specific B cell responses in vivo.
  • To elucidate mechanisms driving epitope spreading in autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel mouse model with a single autoreactive B cell clone.
  • Utilizing Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) signaling for GC activation and expansion.
  • Tracking B cell clonal evolution and autoantibody production.

Main Results:

  • A single autoreactive B cell clone initiated TLR7-dependent GC formation and expansion of other autoreactive B cells.
  • GCs became independent of the initial clone, with individual lineages dominating, indicating affinity maturation.
  • This process generated broad autoantibody responses, leading to kidney autoantibody deposition and epitope spreading.

Conclusions:

  • Autoreactive GCs can mature and expand independently, driving autoimmune pathology.
  • The findings provide insights into the pathogenesis of SLE and other autoimmune conditions.
  • This model offers a platform for studying B cell tolerance and developing targeted therapies.