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Hormonal Regulation01:40

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
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Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

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The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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A Method for Mouse Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Intracellular cAMP Determination
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Circulating somatostatin. Physiological regulator of pancreatic function?

K Gyr, C Beglinger, E Köhler

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |June 1, 1987
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study shows that somatostatin released after a meal inhibits pancreatic exocrine function and pancreatic polypeptide release. However, it does not significantly affect insulin and glucagon secretion, suggesting somatostatin is a key hormonal regulator of the pancreas.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Gastroenterology
    • Physiology

    Background:

    • Somatostatin is a hormone with known inhibitory effects on various physiological processes.
    • Its precise role in regulating pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function in humans after a meal remains to be fully elucidated.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate if circulating somatostatin levels after a meal are sufficient to regulate pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function.
    • To evaluate somatostatin's role as a potential hormonal regulator of the pancreas.

    Main Methods:

    • Six healthy male volunteers consumed a steak meal.
    • Plasma somatostatin levels were measured before and after the meal.
    • Intravenous somatostatin infusion was used to mimic post-meal concentrations and assess its effects on pancreatic secretion.

    Main Results:

    • Mean plasma somatostatin levels significantly increased after a steak meal.
    • Somatostatin infusion inhibited hormone-induced exocrine pancreatic secretion and cerulein-stimulated pancreatic polypeptide (PP) secretion.
    • Arginine-stimulated insulin and glucagon release were not significantly altered at post-meal somatostatin concentrations.

    Conclusions:

    • Post-meal somatostatin levels are sufficient to inhibit exocrine pancreatic function and PP release in humans.
    • The exocrine pancreas appears more sensitive to somatostatin than islet cells at these concentrations.
    • Findings support somatostatin's role as a true hormonal regulator of pancreatic function.