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Related Concept Videos

Fault Types01:18

Fault Types

442
When analyzing a single line-to-ground fault from phase A to ground at a three-phase bus, it is important to consider the fault impedance. This impedance is zero for a bolted fault, equal to the arc impedance for an arcing fault, and represents the total fault impedance for a transmission-line insulator flashover. To derive sequence and phase currents, fault conditions are translated from the phase domain to the sequence domain.
For line-to-line faults occurring between phases B and C, the...
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Types of Building Separation Joints01:23

Types of Building Separation Joints

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Building separation joints divide large or complex building structures into smaller, discrete units that can move independently. These joints are categorized into three types: volume-change joints, settlement joints, and seismic separation joints.
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Free-body Diagrams: Problem Solving01:30

Free-body Diagrams: Problem Solving

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Free-body diagrams are essential tools for physicists and engineers studying the motion of objects. Free-body diagrams are graphical representations of the object or system under consideration, and they focus solely on the essential forces acting on the object. This tool helps break down complex problems into simpler models that are easier to understand and solve.
For example, consider a block with a mass of 10 kg released on an inclined plane at an angle of 30° to the horizontal, where...
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Series R—L Circuit Transients01:22

Series R—L Circuit Transients

444
In a series resistor-inductor (R-L) circuit, closing the switch at the start of the time period simulates a three-phase short circuit, a fault condition where all three phases of an unloaded synchronous machine are short-circuited. When there is no fault impedance and no initial current, the initial voltage is determined by the phase angle of the source voltage.
Using Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to analyze this circuit helps determine the total asymmetrical fault current, which consists...
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Adjusting a Traverse01:12

Adjusting a Traverse

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In the site survey of a four-sided traverse, internal angles are essential to ensure geometric accuracy. The survey revealed that the sum of the measured internal angles was 359 degrees and 48 minutes, which is 12 minutes less than the expected 360 degrees. This discrepancy signals an error likely arising from measurement inaccuracies during the fieldwork.To rectify this error, the adjustment process involved distributing the 12-minute shortfall equally across the four internal angles. By...
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Relation between Mathematical Equations and Block Diagrams01:20

Relation between Mathematical Equations and Block Diagrams

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In a spring-mass-damper system, the second-order differential equation describes the dynamic behavior of the system. When transformed into the Laplace domain under zero initial conditions, this equation can be effectively analyzed and manipulated. The transformation into the Laplace domain converts differential equations into algebraic equations, simplifying the process of isolating the output.
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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
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From coseismic offsets to fault-block mountains.

George A Thompson1, Tom Parsons2

  • 1Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Normal faulting in the Basin and Range province causes hanging wall subsidence. Subsequent aseismic uplift, driven by mantle flow, builds mountains over decades, explaining topographic development.

Keywords:
Basin and Rangecrustal deformationearthquakesfinite-element modelingrifting

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Area of Science:

  • Geology
  • Tectonics
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • The Basin and Range province exhibits asymmetric faulting with hanging wall subsidence and minimal footwall uplift during earthquakes.
  • Postseismic geodetic data reveal broad, aseismic uplift, while long-term geological evidence shows significant mountain block uplift and tilting.
  • A discrepancy exists between small coseismic footwall uplift and the large-scale mountain building observed over geological time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve the paradox between observed coseismic deformation and long-term topographic development in extensional provinces.
  • To investigate the mechanisms driving postseismic uplift and mountain building following normal faulting.

Main Methods:

  • Development of finite-element models simulating extensional and gravitational forces.
  • Modeling time-varying deformation associated with normal faulting under gravity.

Main Results:

  • Finite-element models demonstrate that asymmetric slip, characterized by hanging wall collapse, is a natural outcome of coseismic deformation under gravity.
  • Focused upper mantle flow, induced by lower crustal deformation, localizes uplift within one to two decades after major earthquakes.
  • The study predicts that the most distinct topographic evidence of earthquakes is found in the early postseismic period.

Conclusions:

  • The observed topographic evolution of extensional provinces is explained by a combination of coseismic hanging wall collapse and subsequent, mantle-driven aseismic uplift.
  • The timing of uplift localization is crucial, with significant topographic signatures appearing relatively soon after seismic events.