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Sun protection by umbrellas and walls.

Hao Ou-Yang1, Thomas Shyr

  • 1Johnson and Johnson Consumer Inc., Skillman, NJ 08558, USA. houyan4@its.jnj.com.

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Shade structures like umbrellas offer limited sun protection, with a sunburn protection factor (SPF) likely between 3 and 7. Combining shade with other sun protection measures is crucial for public health.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Dermatology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure poses significant public health risks, including skin damage.
  • Shade is a common sun avoidance strategy, but its protective efficacy against UV radiation is not fully understood.
  • UV rays can reach the skin indirectly through scattering and reflection, even when under shade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically assess the protective effectiveness of shade structures (umbrellas, walls) against UV radiation under real-world conditions.
  • To evaluate the influence of various factors on shade protection, including material transmission, surface reflectivity, UV irradiance ratios, and user positioning.
  • To compare model predictions with measured sunburn protection factor (SPF) values.

Main Methods:

  • Application of a sky view model to simulate UV exposure under shade.
  • Measurement of SPF using a calibrated UV meter at various positions and times under an umbrella.
  • Systematic assessment of factors including shade material transmission, ground/wall reflectivity, diffuse-to-total UV irradiance ratios, shade geometry, and occupant position/orientation.

Main Results:

  • Shade structures are more effective when the ratio of diffuse to total UV irradiance is low (e.g., midday).
  • Effectiveness increases with greater shade coverage, lower surface reflectivity, and more central positioning within the shade.
  • Measured SPF values for a typical umbrella in real-life conditions were estimated to be between 3 and 7.

Conclusions:

  • Typical shade structures like umbrellas and walls provide a low level of sun protection.
  • The findings underscore the need for public education on comprehensive sun protection strategies.
  • A combination of sun protection measures is recommended for prolonged sun exposure to mitigate UV damage.