Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

1.4K
Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
1.4K
Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

2.4K
Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
2.4K
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

51.2K
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
51.2K
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

26.8K
Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
26.8K
Gas Chromatography: Introduction01:13

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

4.2K
Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique for separating and analyzing volatile compounds in a sample. Its primary purpose is to identify and quantify components in complex mixtures, making it essential in fields such as environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals. GC is also called vapor-phase chromatography (VPC) or gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC).
In GC,  a sample is vaporized and mixed with an inert carrier gas (the mobile phase), which transports it through a...
4.2K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

133.3K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
133.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Unlocking authenticity: classifying a wood-aged spirit (cachaça) by producer, barrel type, and aging level via unique MS signatures.

Food chemistry·2026
Same author

Highly sensitive sensors for the simultaneous determination of imidacloprid, fenitrothion, and glyphosate pesticides in real samples constructed by functional buckyball nanoarchitectures based on fullerene-like nanoparticles.

Chemosphere·2025
Same author

Nanofilters to retain dyes and endocrine interferences in water based in glucose-based matrix membranes modified with hybrid nanoarchitecture.

Environmental monitoring and assessment·2025
Same author

Molecular Ion: An Extended, Fully Collective, and More Contemporary Definition.

Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS·2024
Same author

Tumor-Promoted Changes in Pediatric Brain Histology Can Be Distinguished from Normal Parenchyma by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging.

Biomedicines·2024
Same author

Alicyclobacillus spp. in fruit-based products: Isolation, identification, quantitative assessment (SPME/GC-MS) of spoilage compounds and spore's resistance to thermal shocks.

International journal of food microbiology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids
10:32

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids

Published on: March 2, 2012

25.2K

Transferring Ions from Solution to the Gas Phase: The Two Basic Principles.

Sebastiaan F Teunissen1, Marcos N Eberlin2

  • 1ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil. basteunissen@gmail.com.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
|September 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Efficiently forming gaseous ions is key for mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and sonic spray ionization (SSI) transfer ions from solution to gas phase, with all techniques based on neutralizing counter ions or separating ions.

Keywords:
Electrospray ionizationGas phaseMass spectrometrySolutionSonic spray ionization

More Related Videos

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
08:06

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Published on: February 23, 2017

9.0K
Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
08:41

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Published on: September 7, 2018

9.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 23, 2026

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids
10:32

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids

Published on: March 2, 2012

25.2K
Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
08:06

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Published on: February 23, 2017

9.0K
Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
08:41

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Published on: September 7, 2018

9.5K

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Mass spectrometry relies on efficient gaseous ion formation.
  • Electrospray ionization (ESI) and sonic spray ionization (SSI) are key techniques for transferring ions from solution to the gas phase.
  • Numerous ionization techniques have been developed, often building upon ESI or SSI principles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To categorize existing solution-to-gas phase ion transfer techniques.
  • To establish the fundamental principles governing these ionization methods.
  • To propose a framework for understanding future ionization technique development.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of 35 existing ionization techniques.
  • Categorization based on underlying ion transfer mechanisms.
  • Identification of two core principles: counter-ion neutralization and ion separation.

Main Results:

  • All reviewed techniques were classified under two fundamental mechanisms.
  • Mechanism 1: Neutralizing the counter ion.
  • Mechanism 2: Separating the ions.

Conclusions:

  • The transfer of solvated ions to the gas phase in mass spectrometry is governed by two fundamental principles.
  • All current and future ionization techniques will likely fit within these two categories.
  • This classification provides a foundational understanding of ion generation in mass spectrometry.