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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
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Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

34.0K
The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Paying the Toll in Nuclear Reprogramming.

Chun Liu1,2, Farhan Himmati1, Nazish Sayed1,2

  • 1Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|September 2, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Innate immunity activation, via Toll-like receptor 3, is crucial for reversing cell fate during reprogramming and transdifferentiation. This process involves significant epigenetic modifications, advancing regenerative medicine goals.

Keywords:
human induced pluripotent stem cellsinnate immunitynuclear reprogrammingtoll-like receptorstransdifferentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Cell fate conversion is a key goal in regenerative medicine, aiming to revert specialized cells to pluripotent stem cells or other cell types.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving these cellular transformations is critical for therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of innate immunity in nuclear reprogramming and transdifferentiation.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which innate immunity influences cell fate conversion.
  • To discuss the implications of these findings for regenerative medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on innate immunity in cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation.
  • Analysis of the role of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation.
  • Examination of global changes in epigenetic modifiers.

Main Results:

  • Activation of innate immunity, specifically through TLR3, is a required component of cell fate conversion.
  • This immune activation induces widespread alterations in the expression and activity of epigenetic modifiers.
  • These changes facilitate the reversal of lineage commitment.

Conclusions:

  • Innate immunity plays a fundamental role in the processes of nuclear reprogramming and transdifferentiation.
  • Targeting innate immune pathways, such as TLR3, may offer novel strategies for regenerative medicine.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can unlock new therapeutic possibilities for cell-based therapies.