Electrophoretic separations on paper: Past, present, and future-A review.

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Biotechnology
• Materials Science

Background:

• Point-of-collection (POC) devices are crucial for rapid, on-site diagnostics and environmental monitoring.
• Microfluidic Paper-based Analytical Devices (μPADs) are emerging as cost-effective, eco-friendly, and user-convenient platforms.
• While paper is recognized for chromatographic applications, its utility in electrophoretic separations is less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the historical development and recent advancements in paper-based electrophoresis.
• To highlight the integration of electrophoretic techniques within microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs).
• To critically assess the future opportunities and challenges for electrophoretic μPADs.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on historical and contemporary research in paper-based electrophoresis.
• Analysis of applications incorporating electrophoretic separations on μPADs.
• Discussion of key developments from the mid-20th century to present day.

Main Results:

• Paper-based electrophoresis has roots in foundational developments from the 1940s and 1950s.
• Recent research shows increasing interest in applying electrophoretic separations within μPADs.
• Despite potential, analytical separations are still underrepresented in current μPAD applications.

Conclusions:

• Electrophoretic μPADs represent a promising area for advanced on-site analytical capabilities.
• Further research is needed to overcome challenges and fully realize the potential of paper-based electrophoresis in μPADs.
• The field offers significant opportunities for innovation in low-cost, portable analytical devices.