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Hepatitis E in Italy: A silent presence.

Carlo Mauceri1, Maria Grazia Clemente1, Paolo Castiglia2

  • 1Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical, Microsurgical and Medical Sciences, University of Sassari Medical School, 07100 Sassari, Italy.

Journal of Infection and Public Health
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PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) shows varying seroprevalence in Italy, with higher rates in central regions. Consuming raw pork and contaminated food are key risk factors for HEV infection.

Keywords:
EpidemiologyHepatitis E infectionImmigrantsItalyRisk factorsSeroprevalence

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Area of Science:

  • * Virology and Epidemiology
  • * Public Health and Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • * Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was identified in the 1980s and initially thought to be limited to developing nations.
  • * Understanding HEV epidemiology in developed countries like Italy is crucial for public health strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To critically review reported HEV seroprevalence rates across Italy.
  • * To identify risk factors and high-risk populations for HEV infection.
  • * To evaluate the potential role of immigrants in HEV importation.

Main Methods:

  • * A systematic literature review of 159 articles from PubMed (1994-present).
  • * Inclusion criteria: 27 original reports with ≥50 subjects, in English or Italian.
  • * Analysis of seroprevalence data, risk factors, and immigrant populations.

Main Results:

  • * HEV seroprevalence in Italy ranged from 0.12% to 49% over three decades, with peaks in central regions.
  • * Consumption of raw pork and contaminated food identified as primary risk factors.
  • * Seroprevalence among immigrants in Apulia was 15.3%–19.7%; overall surveyed population was only 0.036%.

Conclusions:

  • * Significant HEV seroprevalence exists in Italy, challenging its perception as solely a developing country issue.
  • * Targeted public health interventions are needed, focusing on food safety and at-risk groups.
  • * A comprehensive national epidemiological survey is recommended for accurate HEV burden assessment.