Oxytocin and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

In this chapter, we present an overview of studies of oxytocin (OXT) in schizophrenia and the schizophrenia spectrum. We first outline the current state of pharmacological treatment of the symptoms of schizophrenia and point to unmet clinical needs. These relate particularly to the debilitating negative symptoms and social cognitive deficits that are frequently observed in patients suffering from schizophrenia. We argue that new treatments are needed to alleviate these impairments. As OXT has been proposed and investigated as a putative treatment, we will then summarise evidence from studies in patients with schizophrenia that have investigated the effects of OXT at several levels, i.e. at the levels of clinical symptoms, social cognitive function as assessed with experimental and neuropsychological tasks, and brain function as assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Finally, we will introduce the concept of the schizophrenia spectrum and highlight the importance of studying OXT effects in subclinical spectrum samples, such as in people with high levels of schizotypal personality. We conclude that the evidence of beneficial effects of OXT in schizophrenia is inconsistent, calling for further research in this field.