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    Area of Science:

    • Data Visualization
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Information Design

    Background:

    • Existing visualization guidelines primarily address single views, neglecting the complexities of multiple, coordinated visualizations.
    • Inconsistent visualizations across multiple views (e.g., differing axis domains) can impede user interpretation and introduce errors.
    • The trade-offs between visualization consistency and other design considerations remain under-explored, hindering the development of authoring tools.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how users achieve and compromise visualization consistency in multi-view scenarios.
    • To understand the balance between consistency and other design factors (e.g., data characteristics, layout) in visualization design.
    • To inform the design of automated consistency checking mechanisms within visualization software.

    Main Methods:

    • Conducted a wizard-of-oz study observing Tableau users designing visualizations for an exploration-to-presentation workflow.
    • Utilized a checklist of encoding-specific constraints to identify and flag consistency issues during user sessions.
    • Categorized user actions and justifications for maintaining or overriding consistency as constraint validations and exceptions.

    Main Results:

    • Users spontaneously maintained consistency in many instances but also overlooked it, requiring intervention.
    • Participants prioritized consistency based on factors like data cardinality, encoding availability, and chart layout.
    • Identified specific scenarios where users intentionally deviated from consistency, providing valuable insights into design trade-offs.

    Conclusions:

    • Consistency in multi-view visualizations is a critical but context-dependent design consideration.
    • User behavior highlights the need for flexible consistency mechanisms that allow for informed exceptions.
    • Findings support framing automatic consistency checking as a constraint-satisfaction problem with implications for software design.