Detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk using spectroscopy and multivariate analyses

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a potentially carcinogenic compound, is found in milk obtained from animals that consume contaminated feed. Spectra of bovine milk, spiked with AFM1 (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.1μg/l) were acquired using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer. Spectra revealed significant differences among pure and AFM1 spiked samples in spectral regions 1800-650cm^-1 and 3689-3499cm^-1, which may be attributed to complex chemical structure of AFM1. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear clustering of samples (p⩽0.05). The models could successfully classify (>86%) and detect even 0.02μg/l AFM1 in milk (p⩽0.05) using SIMCA. AFM1 was best predicted in wavenumber range of 1800-650cm^-1 with coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.99 and 0.98, for calibration and validation, respectively, using partial least square (PLS) regression. The study indicated feasibility of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics in rapid detection and quantification of AFM1 in milk.