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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

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Qualitative Analysis of Dairy and Powder Milk Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS).

Bader A Alfarraj1, Herve K Sanghapi1, Chet R Bhatt1

  • 11 Institute for Clean Energy Technology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.

Applied Spectroscopy
|September 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) effectively analyzed elemental and molecular composition in various milk types. LIBS differentiated milk samples and accurately predicted fat content, offering a novel analytical approach.

Keywords:
LIBSLaser-induced breakdown spectroscopyPCAPLSRmilkmultivariate analysispartial least squares regressionprincipal component analysisproteinunivariate analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Milk analysis traditionally involves complex methods.
  • Developing rapid, non-destructive techniques for milk composition is crucial.
  • Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) offers potential for elemental and molecular analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare elemental and molecular composition of various milk products using LIBS.
  • To determine calcium concentration in dairy milk.
  • To differentiate milk types and predict fat/protein content.

Main Methods:

  • Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for atomic and molecular emission analysis.
  • Standard Addition Method (SAM) for quantitative calcium determination.
  • Univariate, multivariate statistical analysis (PCA), and regression models (PLSR, SLR) for data interpretation and prediction.

Main Results:

  • LIBS successfully identified atomic emissions (Ca, K, Na, Mg) and molecular bands (CN) in milk samples.
  • Calcium concentration was quantified in dairy milk.
  • Lactose-free dairy milk showed higher major mineral content than dairy milk.
  • Principal Component Analysis (PCA) effectively discriminated between milk types.
  • Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) accurately predicted milk fat content (<6.62% RA%).

Conclusions:

  • LIBS is a viable technique for comprehensive milk analysis, including elemental composition, mineral content, and fat/protein levels.
  • LIBS, combined with statistical methods, can differentiate milk varieties and quantify key components.
  • This spectroscopic approach provides a rapid and effective alternative for milk quality assessment.