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Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Colors and Magnetism

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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides

Fabrication of Spatially Confined Complex Oxides

Published on: July 1, 2013

Building Complex Kondo Impurities by Manipulating Entangled Spin Chains.

Deung-Jang Choi^1,2, Roberto Robles³, Shichao Yan^1,2

¹Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.

|September 6, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created magnetic atom chains on a surface, forming a unique Kondo state. This controlled magnetic coupling opens new avenues for studying complex quantum materials and nanostructures.

Keywords:

Kondo effect entanglement scanning tunneling microscopy spin chains

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Controllable magnetic interactions in molecule-like structures are crucial for exploring complex and strongly correlated systems.
Understanding emergent phenomena in nanoscale magnetic assemblies is a key challenge in condensed matter physics.

Purpose of the Study:

To create and investigate spin chains with emergent Kondo states by controllably coupling transition-metal atoms.
To explore the influence of atomic arrangement and composition on the Kondo resonance and magnetic interactions.
To demonstrate the feasibility of building and probing spatially extended strongly correlated nanostructures.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) atom chains up to ten atoms long on a Cu2N surface using a scanning tunneling microscope.
Investigating antiferromagnetic coupling via superexchange interaction mediated by the surface's nitrogen atom network.
Characterizing the emergent Kondo resonance and its spatial distribution along the spin chains.

Main Results:

Successfully constructed Fe and Mn spin chains exhibiting antiferromagnetic coupling through the Cu2N surface.
Observed a spatially distributed Kondo resonance whose strength is tunable by altering atomic composition and arrangement.
Demonstrated that Kondo screening by the substrate depends on the interatomic entanglement of spins within the chain.

Conclusions:

The controlled assembly of magnetic atoms enables the creation of spin chains with emergent Kondo states.
The study highlights the tunability of Kondo resonance in these nanostructures by manipulating atomic configurations.
This work establishes foundational principles for constructing and investigating extended, strongly correlated nanostructures with potential applications in quantum computing and materials science.