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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes02:45

Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes

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Alkenes react with water in the presence of an acid to form an alcohol. In the absence of acid, hydration of alkenes does not occur at a significant rate, and the acid is not consumed in the reaction. Therefore, alkene hydration is an acid-catalyzed reaction.
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Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

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Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
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Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration02:34

Regioselectivity and Stereochemistry of Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

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The rate of acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes depends on the alkene's structure, as the presence of alkyl substituents at the double bond can significantly influence the rate.
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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
Most enzymes...
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Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

123.5K
Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
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Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

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Self-healing catalysis in water.

Cyrille Costentin1, Daniel G Nocera2

  • 1Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche Université-CNRS 7591, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France; dnocera@fas.harvard.edu cyrille.costentin@univ-paris-diderot.fr.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Self-healing water-splitting catalysts can be designed using principles of catalyst self-assembly at specific potentials. Cobalt phosphate (CoPi) catalysts demonstrate effective self-healing, minimizing dissolution during oxygen evolution reactions.

Keywords:
cobalt phosphaterenewable energy storageself-healing catalysissolar energywater splitting

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Developing stable and efficient water-splitting catalysts is crucial for renewable energy technologies.
  • Catalyst degradation, particularly leaching, hinders long-term performance in water-splitting applications.
  • Self-healing mechanisms offer a promising strategy to enhance catalyst durability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present design principles for self-healing water-splitting catalysts.
  • To develop a formal kinetics model for the self-healing process.
  • To investigate the role of solution pH in controlling self-healing for cobalt phosphate (CoPi) catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a quantitative kinetics model for catalyst self-healing.
  • Experimental demonstration using cobalt phosphate (CoPi) water-splitting catalyst.
  • Analysis of catalyst behavior across varying solution pH conditions.

Main Results:

  • Self-healing is achievable when catalysts self-assemble at potentials below turnover potentials.
  • Solution pH effectively controls the potentials for self-assembly and turnover.
  • A derived model quantitatively describes the redeposition kinetics of leached Co2+ ions.
  • Cobalt phosphate exhibits negligible film dissolution during oxygen evolution reactions at neutral pH.

Conclusions:

  • Design principles for self-healing water-splitting catalysts are established.
  • The kinetics model accurately describes catalyst self-healing and redeposition.
  • Cobalt phosphate catalysts demonstrate robust self-healing properties, enhancing durability in neutral pH environments.