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Receptor-mediated chitin perception in legume roots is functionally separable from Nod factor perception.

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Plant root cells use distinct LysM receptors to differentiate between beneficial microbes and harmful pathogens. This research identifies specific receptors for chitin and lipochitin oligosaccharides, crucial for plant defense and symbiosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Molecular Biology
  • Plant-Microbe Interactions
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Plant roots must distinguish between symbiotic microbes and pathogens to maintain health and establish beneficial relationships.
  • LysM pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are known to play roles in perceiving microbial signals, but the specific roles in distinguishing different microbial molecules are not fully understood.
  • Chitin and lipochitin oligosaccharides are key components of microbial cell walls, eliciting distinct responses in plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize the specific LysM receptors involved in perceiving chitin oligomeric microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) versus lipochitin oligosaccharides in *Lotus japonicus* and *Medicago truncatula*.
  • To investigate the downstream defense responses triggered by these distinct perceptions.
  • To elucidate the structural basis for chitin binding by specific LysM receptors.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic analysis of LysM receptor mutants (*Ljlys6*, *Mtlyk9*, *Mtlyr4*) in *Lotus japonicus* and *Medicago truncatula*.
  • Assessment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and defense gene expression in response to microbial stimuli.
  • Pathogen susceptibility assays and symbiotic colonization studies (rhizobia, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi).
  • Biochemical binding studies using purified LjLYS6 ectodomains.
  • X-ray crystallography of the LjLYS6 ectodomain.

Main Results:

  • Identified *Lj*LYS6/*Mt*LYK9 and *Mt*LYR4 as key receptors for chitin MAMPs, distinct from symbiosis-triggering receptors *Lj*NFR1/*Mt*LYK3 and *Lj*NFR5/*Mt*NFP.
  • Inactivation of chitin receptor genes (*Ljlys6*, *Mtlyk9*, *Mtlyr4*) abolished early ROS responses and defense gene induction, while maintaining symbiotic interactions.
  • Mutants exhibited increased susceptibility to fungal and bacterial pathogens.
  • Biochemical and structural analyses confirmed that LjLYS6 binds chitin oligomers, requiring at least six N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) moieties (CO6) for optimal binding.

Conclusions:

  • Legume roots possess distinct LysM receptor sets for perceiving chitin and lipochitin oligosaccharides, enabling the separation of defense and symbiosis pathways.
  • This receptor-based discrimination is crucial for managing interactions with a diverse soil microbial community.
  • The findings provide a foundation for understanding how plants balance defense against pathogens with the establishment of beneficial symbioses.