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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats
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Gynecomastia: histological appearance in different age groups.

Alba Fricke1, Gabriele M Lehner1, G Björn Stark1

  • 1a Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - Faculty of Medicine , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.

Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery
|September 7, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fibrous gynecomastia is more common in younger males, while florid gynecomastia occurs more frequently in older men. Florid gynecomastia also shows higher recurrence rates, though medication use did not increase recurrence.

Keywords:
Gynecomastiahistological appearancerecurrence

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pathology
  • Surgery

Background:

  • Gynecomastia, a common condition in males, is often idiopathic.
  • Understanding histological variations and recurrence patterns is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze histological differences in gynecomastia between young and old patient groups.
  • To investigate the association between histological subtypes and recurrence rates.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 305 gynecomastia patients (555 breasts) treated surgically between 1997 and 2015.
  • Patients were categorized into four age groups (13-17, 18-30, 31-49, 50-83 years).
  • Evaluation included clinical classification, histological analysis, and assessment of medication use (antiandrogens, steroids/immunosuppressants).

Main Results:

  • Florid gynecomastia was more prevalent in older groups, whereas fibrous gynecomastia was common in younger individuals (p=0.0180).
  • Glandular gynecomastia predominated in younger patients, while lipomatous gynecomastia was more frequent in older groups (p=0.0006).
  • Florid gynecomastia exhibited higher recurrence rates (12.5%) compared to fibrous gynecomastia (4.7%). Antiandrogen/steroid use was associated with florid type but not increased recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Histological patterns of gynecomastia differ significantly with age, with fibrous type in younger and florid type in older patients.
  • Florid gynecomastia is associated with a higher risk of recurrence compared to the fibrous type.
  • While certain medications are linked to florid gynecomastia, they do not appear to elevate recurrence rates.