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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Universal Hand-held Three-dimensional Optoacoustic Imaging Probe for Deep Tissue Human Angiography and Functional Preclinical Studies in Real Time
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Photoacoustic Imaging for Noninvasive Periodontal Probing Depth Measurements.

C Y Lin1, F Chen1,2, A Hariri1

  • 11 Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.

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|September 8, 2017
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Summary

Photoacoustic ultrasound imaging offers a novel, high-resolution method for measuring periodontal probing depths. This technique, using cuttlefish ink as a contrast agent, shows potential for more accurate and comprehensive dental examinations.

Keywords:
dental contrast agentgingival thicknessmelanin nanoparticlesperiodontal exampocket depthultrasound imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Dental Imaging
  • Periodontology

Background:

  • Periodontal probing is standard for assessing gum health but has measurement errors.
  • Existing methods lack precision and comprehensive pocket coverage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate photoacoustic ultrasound imaging for precise periodontal probing depth measurement.
  • To compare this novel imaging technique with traditional periodontal probes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized food-grade cuttlefish ink as a contrast agent in periodontal pockets.
  • Measured probing depths on 39 porcine teeth using photoacoustic imaging and a Williams probe.
  • Performed Bland-Altman analysis and calculated coefficients of variation for accuracy assessment.

Main Results:

  • Photoacoustic imaging demonstrated statistically significant differences compared to the probe at distal, lingual, and buccal sites.
  • Bias values were consistently below ±0.25 mm, with coefficients of variation under 11%.
  • Achieved 0.01-mm precision and full pocket visualization, unlike the probe's limited site assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Photoacoustic ultrasound imaging is a promising tool for accurate periodontal probing depth measurement.
  • This technology has potential applications in automated and noninvasive dental examinations.
  • Offers improved precision and comprehensive pocket assessment over traditional methods.