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Many-to-one form-to-function mapping weakens parallel morphological evolution.

Cole J Thompson1, Newaz I Ahmed1,2, Thor Veen1,3

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology, One University Station C0990, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many-to-one mapping, where different traits yield the same function, hinders predictable evolutionary change. This study shows that such mapping in fish feeding apparatuses reduces parallel evolution, challenging evolutionary predictions.

Keywords:
ConvergenceFormFunctionMany-to-one mappingTransformationTrophic

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Biomechanics
  • Ecomorphology

Background:

  • Evolutionary ecologists predict evolutionary change under varying selective pressures.
  • Many-to-one mapping, where diverse trait combinations produce identical functional outcomes, complicates evolutionary predictions.
  • This phenomenon allows multiple morphological solutions to adapt to similar environmental challenges, potentially disrupting parallel evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether many-to-one mapping in biomechanical systems undermines parallel morphological evolution.
  • To test if systems with many-to-one mapping exhibit weaker correlations between phenotype and function compared to one-to-one systems.
  • To assess if shared selection pressures lead to less parallel evolution in many-to-one systems.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 16 replicate pairs of lake- and stream-adapted threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus).
  • Quantified three components of the teleost feeding apparatus.
  • Utilized biomechanical models to calculate functional outputs and assess form-to-function relationships (one-to-one vs. many-to-one).

Main Results:

  • Confirmed that feeding structures exhibited a range of form-to-function mappings, from one-to-one (lower jaw lever ratio) to many-to-one (buccal suction index, opercular 4-bar linkage).
  • Observed weaker linear correlations between phenotype and function in many-to-one systems.
  • Found less parallel evolution across lake-stream pairs in many-to-one systems compared to the one-to-one system.

Conclusions:

  • The study supports the theory that increasing many-to-one mapping significantly undermines parallel evolution.
  • Morphological variation alone may not accurately predict functional variation when multiple adaptive trait combinations exist.
  • Many-to-one mapping complicates evolutionary predictability, even under consistent selection pressures.