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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
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Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
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Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
14:27

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

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Behavioral time scale synaptic plasticity underlies CA1 place fields.

Katie C Bittner1, Aaron D Milstein1,2, Christine Grienberger1

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 9, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists discovered a new form of synaptic plasticity, called behavioral time scale synaptic plasticity, that helps create place fields in the brain. This process allows for rapid learning of sequences by modifying synaptic strength, even when inputs are not directly linked to neuron firing.

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Last Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
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Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Plasticity
  • Learning and Memory

Background:

  • Synaptic plasticity is crucial for learning and memory, primarily through activity-dependent modifications of synaptic strength.
  • Existing models like Hebbian plasticity rely on coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity.
  • The mechanisms underlying the rapid formation of place fields in the hippocampus remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the synaptic mechanisms responsible for the formation of place fields in hippocampal area CA1.
  • To identify novel forms of synaptic plasticity beyond traditional Hebbian rules.
  • To understand how neuronal circuits learn and represent sequential information.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo electrophysiology in hippocampal area CA1 to observe place field formation.
  • In vitro slice electrophysiology to characterize synaptic plasticity induction and time course.
  • Utilizing calcium plateau potentials and subthreshold presynaptic stimulation.

Main Results:

  • A novel form of synaptic potentiation, termed behavioral time scale synaptic plasticity (BTSP), was identified.
  • BTSP can induce place fields in vivo in a single trial, independent of strict temporal coincidence with action potentials.
  • This plasticity exhibits an asymmetric, seconds-long time course, potentiating inputs arriving seconds before or after complex spiking.
  • In slices, BTSP was induced by pairing subthreshold presynaptic activity with calcium plateau potentials.

Conclusions:

  • Behavioral time scale synaptic plasticity offers a mechanism for rapidly encoding sequential information in synaptic weights.
  • This plasticity rule deviates from Hebbian principles, allowing for potentiation of inputs not immediately preceding postsynaptic activation.
  • BTSP provides a framework for understanding how predictive place cell activity emerges from experience.