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Syringomyelia and Craniocervical Junction Abnormalities in Chihuahuas
A-M Kiviranta1, C Rusbridge2, O Laitinen-Vapaavuori1
1Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
|September 12, 2017
Summary
Chiari-like malformation and syringomyelia are common in Chihuahuas, with syringomyelia linked to clinical signs. Craniocervical junction abnormalities also cause similar symptoms, even without syringomyelia.
Area of Science:
- Comparative neurology
- Veterinary neurosurgery
- Canine genetics
Background:
- Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) are prevalent in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and Griffon Bruxellois.
- Evidence suggests CM and SM also affect other small and toy breeds, including Chihuahuas.
Purpose of the Study:
- To document SM and craniocervical junction (CCJ) abnormalities in Chihuahuas.
- To assess the association between CCJ abnormalities and SM.
- To correlate CM/SM clinical signs with signalment, SM, or CCJ abnormalities.
Main Methods:
- Prospective study of 53 client-owned Chihuahuas.
- Questionnaires, physical, and neurological exams preceded MRI and CT imaging.
- Evaluation for SM, CM, atlanto-occipital overlapping, medullary kinking, and spinal cord compression.
Main Results:
- CM and SM were present in 100% and 38% of Chihuahuas, respectively.
- Scratching (73%) and decreased postural reaction (87%) were the most common clinical signs and deficits.
- SM correlated with CM/SM clinical signs; medullary kinking and sum indices were higher in affected dogs.
Conclusions:
- SM and CCJ abnormalities are highly prevalent in Chihuahuas.
- SM is a significant factor for CM/SM-related clinical signs.
- CCJ abnormalities play a crucial role in clinical signs, even in the absence of SM.
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