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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material
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Bonding to CAD-CAM Composites: An Interfacial Fracture Toughness Approach.

M Eldafrawy1, M G Ebroin1, P A Gailly2

  • 11 Dental Biomaterials Research Unit (d-BRU), Institute of Dentistry, University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium.

Journal of Dental Research
|September 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study compared how well different dental materials stick together after being treated with different surface methods. The researchers used a special test to measure how strong the bond is when a crack starts to form. They tested two types of materials—those with a dispersed filler and those with a polymer-infiltrated ceramic network. They found that one type of material worked best when treated with acid, while the other worked better with gritblasting. They also discovered that the roughness of the surface had a big impact on how strong the bond was. Using a special microscope, they saw that acid-treated surfaces had a honeycomb pattern that helped the materials stick together better. These findings suggest that the way materials are treated should depend on their type to get the best results.

Keywords:
ceramicsdental adhesivesdental materialsdental prosthesis retentionresin cementsurface propertiesCAD-CAM bondinginterfacial fracture toughnessdental composite materialssurface pretreatment methods

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Area of Science:

  • Dental materials science
  • Biomechanics of adhesion
  • CAD-CAM composite bonding

Background:

Current research on dental bonding focuses on how surface treatment affects the strength of adhesive interfaces. Prior studies have shown that surface roughness and microstructure influence bond durability. However, the specific role of material composition in interfacial fracture toughness remains unclear. No prior work had resolved how polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks (PICNs) compare to dispersed filler composites in this context. This gap motivated a study to evaluate how different CAD-CAM materials respond to surface treatments. The study aimed to clarify whether material type and surface texture independently affect bond strength. Existing literature suggests that silanization enhances adhesion, but the impact of gritblasting versus etching remains uncertain. The need for precise mechanical testing methods like the notchless triangular prism (NTP) test was evident. This paper provides new insights into the relationship between surface characteristics and bond performance.

Purpose Of The Study:

This study aimed to compare the interfacial fracture toughness (IFT) of two types of CAD-CAM composite materials after different surface treatments. The goal was to determine whether polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks (PICNs) or composite cements with dispersed filler (DF) perform better when bonded with Variolink Esthetic DC cement. The study focused on how surface treatments like hydrofluoric acid etching (HF) or gritblasting (GR) influence IFT. Researchers sought to understand if material class and surface texture independently affect bond strength. The study also aimed to measure the interfacial area ratio (Sdr) to assess surface roughness. By using the notchless triangular prism (NTP) test, the authors hoped to quantify the mechanical performance of adhesive interfaces. The motivation stemmed from the need to improve long-term durability of dental restorations. This work addresses a gap in understanding how material composition and surface treatment interact to affect bonding outcomes.

Main Methods:

The study used the notchless triangular prism (NTP) test to measure interfacial fracture toughness (IFT) of CAD-CAM composites. Five materials were tested: two dispersed filler composites (Cerasmart and Lava Ultimate), two polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks (Enamic and experimental PICN), and a lithium disilicate control. Each material was bonded with Variolink Esthetic DC cement after either hydrofluoric acid etching or gritblasting, followed by silanization. All samples underwent thermocycling for 10,000 cycles to simulate aging. IFT was measured in a water bath at 36°C. The interfacial area ratio (Sdr) was calculated using profilometry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize surface morphology. Statistical analysis included two-way ANOVA and correlation tests. The NTP test provided a standardized method to assess bond strength. This approach allowed the researchers to isolate the effects of material type and surface treatment on IFT.

Main Results:

The experimental PICN material (EXP) with hydrofluoric acid etching (HF) had the highest IFT at 1.85 ± 0.39 MPa·m1/2. The lithium disilicate control (EMX) with HF followed closely at 1.70 MPa·m1/2. Enamic (ENA) with HF also showed strong performance at 1.65 MPa·m1/2. In contrast, Cerasmart (CRT) with HF had the lowest IFT at 0.15 ± 0.22 MPa·m1/2. PICNs consistently showed higher IFT when etched compared to gritblasted. Dispersed filler composites (DF) performed better with gritblasting. A two-way ANOVA confirmed that PICNs had significantly higher IFT and Sdr than DF materials. The interfacial area ratio (Sdr) correlated strongly with IFT (r² = 0.872). SEM imaging revealed a honeycomb structure in etched PICNs. Gritblasting increased surface roughness in DF materials but not in PICNs. These findings suggest that material class and surface texture independently influence bond strength.

Conclusions:

The study found that material class and surface texture significantly affect interfacial fracture toughness (IFT) in CAD-CAM composites. PICNs showed higher IFT when etched, while DF materials performed better with gritblasting. The interfacial area ratio (Sdr) strongly correlated with IFT (r² = 0.872). SEM imaging confirmed that etched PICNs had a honeycomb structure that enhanced bond strength. These results suggest that surface treatment should be tailored to material type. The authors propose that the double-network microstructure of PICNs allows for greater mechanical interlocking. Gritblasting DF materials increases surface roughness but not to the same extent as in PICNs. The study highlights the importance of material-specific bonding protocols. The findings support the need for further research on how surface treatments affect long-term bond durability. The authors emphasize that micromechanical interactions at the interface are critical to adhesive performance. This work provides a foundation for optimizing bonding procedures in dental CAD-CAM applications.

The study found that polymer-infiltrated ceramic networks (PICNs) had higher interfacial fracture toughness (IFT) when etched with hydrofluoric acid compared to gritblasting.

The NTP test measures IFT by applying a controlled force to a triangular prism sample until fracture occurs, quantifying the material’s resistance to crack propagation.

SEM imaging showed that HF etching creates a honeycomb structure on PICNs, increasing surface roughness (Sdr) and enhancing mechanical interlocking at the interface.

Sdr correlates strongly with IFT (r² = 0.872), indicating that increased surface roughness improves the mechanical interlock and durability of adhesive interfaces.

All samples were thermocycled for 10,000 cycles to simulate aging, but the study did not report significant changes in IFT due to this treatment.

The authors suggest that bonding procedures should be tailored to material type, with PICNs benefiting from HF etching and DF composites from gritblasting.