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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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A Preterm Rat Model for Pain Studies
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Preterm newborn pain research review.

Tiffany Field1

  • 1Touch Research Institute, University of Miami/Miller School of Medicine, United States; Fielding Graduate University, United States.

Infant Behavior & Development
|September 13, 2017
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Preterm newborns experience numerous painful procedures, often without pain relief. This review highlights the significant short- and long-term developmental effects of this pain and discusses potential therapies.

Keywords:
InterventionsPainful proceduresPreterm newborn

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Preterm newborns undergo frequent painful procedures, with 79% receiving them without analgesia.
  • A median of 75 painful procedures occur during hospitalization, averaging up to 51 per day.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research on preterm newborn pain, including assessment methods, short- and long-term effects, and therapeutic interventions.
  • To identify gaps in the research regarding the long-term impact of pain and the efficacy of various therapies.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of literature from PubMed and PsycINFO.
  • Focus on studies published within the last ten years regarding preterm newborn pain.

Main Results:

  • Immediate effects include increased heart rate, oxidative stress, cortisol, and decreased vagal activity.
  • Developmental outcomes show effects as early as 32 weeks gestation (lower body weight/head circumference) and by eight months (thinner gray matter, motor/cognitive delays).
  • Longer-term effects at school age include reduced cortical thickness, lower vagal activity, impaired visual-perceptual development, lower IQs, and internalizing behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies like sucrose, nonnutritive sucking, and full-body interventions show promise for immediate pain relief.
  • More research is needed on the routine use of non-pharmacological therapies for long-term pain reduction and additional randomized controlled trials.