Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man

Area of Science:

• Nutritional Science
• Molecular Biology
• Immunology

Background:

• Inflammation is a key factor in numerous human diseases.
• Omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids play crucial roles in inflammatory processes.
• Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are vital n-3 fatty acids.

Purpose of the Study:

• To describe the nutritional and metabolic aspects of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids.
• To explain the roles of bioactive fatty acids in inflammation.
• To highlight the anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving properties of EPA and DHA.

Main Methods:

• Review of scientific literature on fatty acid metabolism and inflammation.
• Analysis of mechanisms of action for EPA and DHA, including cellular and molecular pathways.
• Examination of evidence from animal experiments and human clinical trials.

Main Results:

• EPA and DHA partially inhibit inflammation by reducing leukocyte activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and eicosanoid synthesis from arachidonic acid.
• EPA produces less potent eicosanoids compared to arachidonic acid.
• EPA and DHA generate specialized pro-resolving mediators (resolvins, protectins, maresins) with anti-inflammatory effects.

Conclusions:

• Mechanisms include altered cell membrane composition, lipid raft disruption, NF-κB inhibition, and PPAR-γ activation.
• EPA and DHA show benefits in animal models of inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis.
• Intravenous n-3 fatty acids may benefit critically ill patients by reducing inflammation.