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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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MicroRNA in Immune Regulation.

Cheng-Jang Wu1, Li-Fan Lu2,3,4

  • 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
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PubMed
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of the immune system, acting as negative regulators to control immune responses. This chapter reviews their roles in immune diseases and the emerging functions of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The immune system requires tight regulation to prevent self-damage.
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical small non-coding RNAs involved in cellular processes.
  • Immune dysregulation can lead to various pathological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the function of miRNAs as negative regulators of innate and adaptive immunity.
  • To review the involvement of miRNAs in human immunological diseases.
  • To explore the emerging roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in immune regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on miRNAs and immune regulation.
  • Analysis of current reports on miRNAs in human immunological diseases.
  • Examination of research on lncRNAs in the immune system.

Main Results:

  • miRNAs act as negative regulators, restricting both innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • Dysregulated miRNA expression is implicated in various human immunological diseases.
  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as significant regulators of immune function.

Conclusions:

  • miRNAs are crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing excessive inflammation.
  • Understanding miRNA and lncRNA roles offers potential therapeutic targets for immune disorders.
  • Further research into non-coding RNAs will advance our knowledge of immune system regulation.