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Chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a primary care program
Suzana Greffin1, Mauro Barros André1, Jorge Paulo Strogoff de Matos1
1Universidade Federal Fluminense.
Insights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Metabolic syndrome (MS) further amplifies this risk when present with CKD, highlighting a critical public health concern.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Cardiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major health concern, particularly prevalent in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the independent and combined roles of CKD and MS as predictors of CVD.
- To assess the risk magnitude associated with CKD and MS in a primary care population.
Main Methods:
- An observational, cross-sectional study analyzed participants aged 45+ from a primary care program in Brazil.
- CKD was diagnosed using K/DOQI guidelines, and MS using harmonized criteria.
- CVD was identified through echocardiographic abnormalities or a history of myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart failure. Logistic regression was employed to analyze risk factors.
Main Results:
- The study included 581 participants with a 27.9% prevalence of CKD.
- MS independently increased CVD risk (OR=1.52).
- CKD significantly elevated CVD risk (OR=2.42), and the concurrent presence of both CKD and MS substantially amplified CVD risk (OR=5.13).
Conclusions:
- CKD is confirmed as an independent risk factor for CVD in this population.
- The co-occurrence of MS with CKD markedly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
- Findings underscore the importance of managing both CKD and MS to mitigate CVD risk in primary care settings.
Introduction:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is especially prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Objective:
To evaluate the role of CKD and metabolic syndrome (MS), which is a cluster of risk factors for CVD, as predictors of CVD.
Methods:
Observational, cross-sectional study with a random sample aged 45 or more years extracted from the population assisted by the primary care program in Niterói city in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. CKD was diagnosed by the K/DOQI guidelines and MS, by the harmonized criteria. CVD was said to be present if the participant had one or more of the following findings: echocardiographic abnormalities, and history of myocardial infarction, stroke or heart failure. A logistic regression model was developed to analyze risk factors for CVD using CKD as the variable of primary interest.
Results:
Fifty hundred and eighty-one participants (38.2% male) with a mean age of 59.4 ± 10.2 years were analyzed. The prevalence rate of CKD was 27.9%. In participants without CKD, MS was associated with a slight but statistically significant increase in the risk for CVD (OR = 1.52, p = 0.037); in those with CKD but without MS the risk for CVD was also statistically significant and at a greater magnitude (OR = 2.42, p = 0.003); when both were present the risk for CVD was substantially higher (OR = 5.13, p < 0.001).
Conclusion:
In this study involving a population assisted by a primary care program, CKD was confirmed as an independent risk factor for CVD. The presence of MS concurrent with CKD substantially amplified the risk for CVD.
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