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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

6.3K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

6.8K
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
6.8K
Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

Boundary Layer Characteristics

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When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

4.4K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
4.4K
Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

4.2K
Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
4.2K
Stratified Sampling Method01:16

Stratified Sampling Method

15.6K
Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a...
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Network approach to patterns in stratocumulus clouds.

Franziska Glassmeier1,2, Graham Feingold2

  • 1National Research Council, Washington, DC 20001; franziska.glassmeier@noaa.gov.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stratocumulus clouds (Sc) form scale-invariant cellular networks, influencing Earth's climate. Analysis reveals these patterns follow geometric laws, impacting climate models.

Keywords:
climatecloudsconvectionnetworkself-organization

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Climate Modeling
  • Cloud Physics

Background:

  • Stratocumulus clouds (Sc) significantly influence Earth's radiative balance.
  • Accurate representation of Sc clouds is a major challenge for global climate models.
  • Sc cloud fields exhibit self-organizing cellular patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the geometric structure and self-organization of Sc cloud patterns.
  • To apply a network perspective to quantify Sc cloud patterns.
  • To understand the emergent dynamics of Sc cellular networks.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of large-eddy simulations of Sc cloud fields.
  • Application of network analysis to quantify geometric properties.
  • Development of a heuristic model for network dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Sc patterns exhibit scale-invariance (Lewis's Law, scaling parameter 0.16) due to entropy maximization.
  • Cloud cells are predominantly hexagonal with specific neighbor characteristics (Aboav-Weaire parameter 0.9).
  • Sc network structure arises from unique cell division and merging processes, not random or simple convective patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Sc cloud patterns possess inherent geometric structure governed by physical laws.
  • Network analysis provides a robust framework for understanding Sc self-organization.
  • Findings offer insights for improving Sc representation in climate models.