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Related Concept Videos

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action01:18

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists work by interacting with an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft. They can be reversible or irreversible inhibitors and have different effects on the enzyme.
Reversible inhibitors like edrophonium bind to a specific part of the enzyme called the anionic catalytic site. They form noncovalent bonds, which means they are not strongly attached to the enzyme. This creates a temporary and less stable enzyme–inhibitor complex,...
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Cholinergic neurotransmission involves the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in order to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse. The process begins with the synthesis of acetyl CoA, a precursor for ACh, from ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A in the mitochondria. Choline, another vital precursor, is transported inside the neuron through choline transporters, including high-affinity choline transporter CHT1, low-affinity choline transporter CTL1, and lower-affinity choline...
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
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Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

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Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...
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Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
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Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics01:19

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Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

A Stably Established Two-Point Injection of Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Focal Demyelination Model in Mice
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Choline Theft-An Inside Job.

Marina Mora-Ortiz1, Sandrine Paule Claus1

  • 1Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.

Cell Host & Microbe
|September 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Gut bacteria utilize choline, a vital methyl donor for epigenetic regulation, creating competition with their host. This highlights the need to consider gut microbiome composition for personalized nutrition strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiome research
  • Epigenetics
  • Nutritional science

Background:

  • Choline is an essential nutrient vital for numerous metabolic processes, including epigenetic regulation.
  • Gut microbiota plays a significant role in host metabolism and nutrient availability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between gut bacteria and host choline metabolism.
  • To understand the implications of microbial choline utilization for host health.

Main Methods:

  • Metabolomic analysis of gut microbial communities.
  • Host-microbe interaction studies.

Main Results:

  • Choline-dependent gut bacteria were identified as significant consumers of host choline.

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  • Microbial choline utilization directly impacts host choline availability and epigenetic processes.

    • Conclusions:

    • Gut bacteria compete with the host for essential choline, affecting host epigenetic regulation.
    • Personalized diet recommendations should systematically incorporate gut microbial composition to optimize choline availability.