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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Seed Structure and Early Development of the Sporophyte02:33

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Seed structures are composed of a protective seed coat surrounding a plant embryo, and a food store for the developing embryo. The embryo contains the precursor tissues for leaves, stem, and roots. The endosperm and cotyledons—seed leaves—act as the food reserves for the growing embryo.
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm
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Dynamic DNA methylation reconfiguration during seed development and germination.

Taiji Kawakatsu1,2,3, Joseph R Nery1,2, Rosa Castanon1,2

  • 1Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.

Genome Biology
|September 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Plants use DNA methylation to control gene expression and genome stability. This study reveals dynamic DNA methylation changes during seed development and germination, crucial for plant dormancy.

Keywords:
Arabidopsis thalianaDNA methylationDry seedEmbryogenesisGermination

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • DNA methylation regulates gene expression and genome integrity in both plants and animals.
  • Unlike animals, plants exhibit limited understanding of DNA methylation reprogramming in embryos.
  • This study investigates epigenetic reconfiguration in plant embryos during seed development and germination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate dynamic DNA methylation reprogramming events in plant embryos.
  • To understand the role of DNA methylation in seed dormancy and life cycle regulation.
  • To compare methylomes during seed development and germination.

Main Methods:

  • Time-series whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS).
  • Comparison of methylomes from dry and germinating seeds with publicly available seed development data.
  • Analysis of DNA methylation patterns and their dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Extensive gain of CHH methylation during seed development, primarily in transposable elements.
  • Drastic loss of CHH methylation during germination, occurring passively.
  • Initiation of active DNA demethylation during late seed development.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic DNA methylation and demethylation cycles are critical for seed dormancy.
  • Active and passive mechanisms regulate DNA methylation during plant life cycles.
  • New insights into epigenetic regulation of seed development and germination.