Morphology of the Aging Forehead: A Three-Dimensional Computed Tomographic Study

Area of Science:

• Anatomy
• Gerontology
• Radiology

Background:

• Previous research focused on lower and middle facial bones, neglecting the forehead.
• The forehead constitutes a significant portion (one-third) of the facial area.
• No prior studies have investigated age-related changes in the frontal bone.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate age-related changes in the frontal bone using three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT).
• To quantify alterations in frontal bone curvature with aging.

Main Methods:

• Retrospective review of 3D CT scans of facial bones.
• Patients categorized by gender and age groups (20-40, 41-60, >60 years).
• Evaluation of frontal bone curvature via length and angular measurements relative to the Frankfurt horizon.

Main Results:

• Aging correlated with increased lower frontal bone slope length in both genders.
• Elderly men (>60) showed significantly higher upper slope angles compared to younger men.
• Women exhibited similar age-related trends, with significant differences noted in middle and older age groups.

Conclusions:

• Quantifiable age-related changes in the frontal bone were identified.
• Findings enhance understanding of facial soft tissue aging.
• Mean measurements provide a reference for forehead reconstruction planning.