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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

Nose and Nasal Cavity

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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction

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Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

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Published on: December 4, 2014

Olfactory Dysfunction in Nasal Bone Fracture.

Sug Won Kim¹, Beom Park¹, Tae Geun Lee¹

¹Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea.

Archives of Craniofacial Surgery

|September 16, 2017

Summary

Nasal bone fractures frequently cause olfactory dysfunction, affecting nearly half of patients. Closed reduction surgery does not improve sense of smell six months post-injury, suggesting other factors contribute to smell loss.

Keywords:

Olfactory nerve Skull fracture Smell

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Neurosurgery
Trauma Surgery

Background:

Nasal bone fractures can impair olfactory function, yet outcomes post-reduction are understudied.
This study investigates olfactory dysfunction following nasal bone fracture before and after closed reduction surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate olfactory outcomes in patients with nasal bone fractures.
To assess the impact of closed reduction on post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

Prospective study of 97 patients with nasal bone fractures.
Olfactory function assessed using the Korean version of Sniffin' Sticks test (KVSS II) pre- and post-operatively (6 months).
Fractures classified (Haug and Prather Types I-IV); olfactory scores compared across types and time points.

Main Results:

46.4% of patients experienced post-nasal fracture olfactory dysfunction.
Closed reduction did not improve mean olfactory scores for Type I or Type II fractures.
A Type II fracture with septal involvement showed a decrease in Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification scores from 28.8 to 23.1.

Conclusions:

Post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction is common after nasal bone fractures.
Closed reduction does not restore olfaction at 6 months, indicating non-fracture related causes.
Further research is needed on the link between injury mechanisms and olfactory dysfunction in nasal fracture patients.