[Possible mechanism of ATP formation in energy-transforming biological membranes]

An "elementary act" of ATP formation from ADP and Pi in energy-transducing organels (mitochondria, chloroplasts and chromatophores) can be realized without closed membrane vesicles, pieces of membranes and F0-component of H+ATPase. The "elementary act" is initiated by a rather fast deprotonation of several acid groups of the coupling factor F1 (or CF1), this process leads to structurally non-equilibrium state of the enzyme due to the appearance of "additional" negative charges in unchanged protein globula. The endergonic step of ATP synthesis, i. e. release of tightly-bound ATP into the aqueous medium, occurs during conformational relaxation of the non-equilibrium state of H+ATPase. Closed membrane vesicles are necessary for a cyclic return of the enzyme to the initial state with protonized functional groups, this provides multiple synthesis of ATP under the steady state and quasi-stationary conditions. The energetical aspects and details of possible schemes of ATP synthesis initiated by artificial electrochemical gradient of protons, as well as ATP formation during oxidative and photophosphorylation are discussed here.