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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Synergetic Metals on Carbocatalyst Shungite.

Rui Gusmão1, Zdeněk Sofer2, Daniel Bouša2

  • 1Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical Mathematical Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|September 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Shungite, a natural carbon mineral, shows remarkable catalytic activity in electrochemical reactions due to its unique metal-infused structure. This discovery highlights shungite

Keywords:
carbon nanomaterialshydrogen evolutionmetal impuritiesoxygen evolutionshungite

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Shungite is a natural carbon mineral with a disordered, amorphous microporous structure.
  • It contains a variety of elements, including catalytic metals (Fe, Ni) and toxic elements (Pb, As).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the synergistic catalytic effects of metals incorporated within the shungite matrix.
  • To explore shungite's application in energy-related electrochemical reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated shungite's catalytic performance in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
  • Compared shungite's performance against other carbon allotropes like carbon black, metal-loaded carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and glassy carbon.

Main Results:

  • The incorporation of metals in shungite's carbon matrix results in a synergistic catalytic effect.
  • Shungite demonstrated superior catalytic performance in HER, OER, and ORR compared to other carbon materials tested.
  • All incorporated elements contribute to shungite's catalytic activity.

Conclusions:

  • Shungite exhibits significant potential as a catalyst in various electrochemical reactions.
  • The synergistic effect of intrinsic metals enhances shungite's catalytic capabilities.
  • Natural carbon materials like shungite offer promising avenues for catalysis applications.