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Related Concept Videos

Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of...
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Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

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At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy
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Scc2/Nipbl hops between chromosomal cohesin rings after loading.

James Rhodes1, Davide Mazza2,3, Kim Nasmyth1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Elife
|September 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The cohesin complex and Scc2 (Nipbl) protein regulate DNA looping. New research suggests Scc2 has a post-loading function, potentially driving DNA loop extrusion on chromosomes.

Keywords:
CohesinHoppingLoop ExtrusionNipblScc2TADschromosomesgeneshuman

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The cohesin complex is crucial for DNA-DNA interactions, including sister chromatid cohesion and intra-chromosome DNA looping.
  • Scc2 (Nipbl) is essential for loading cohesin onto chromosomes and stimulates its ATPase activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential post-loading function of Scc2 (Nipbl) in driving DNA loop extrusion.
  • To characterize the dynamic behavior of Scc2 on chromatin using advanced imaging techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in human cells.
  • Single-molecule tracking of Scc2 in human cells.
  • Analysis of Scc2's chromatin dynamics and association with cohesin.

Main Results:

  • Scc2 dynamically binds to chromatin, primarily through its association with cohesin.
  • Scc2 exhibits a 'stop-and-go' or 'hopping' motion within chromatin.
  • Scc2's low diffusion coefficient, low stoichiometry, and high affinity for cohesin facilitate rapid movement between cohesin complexes.

Conclusions:

  • Scc2 (Nipbl) likely performs a function distinct from cohesin loading, potentially driving DNA loop extrusion.
  • The dynamic binding and movement of Scc2 suggest a role in actively extruding DNA through cohesin rings.
  • These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of DNA looping mediated by the cohesin-Scc2 complex.