Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70 chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Protocadherin-1 deficiency increases baseline and allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice.

American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology·2026

Same author

The Ste20 kinase TAOK3 restrains Rac-driven cytoskeletal-mitochondrial coupling to preserve naive CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell homeostasis and activation.

Frontiers in immunology·2026

Same author

Endothelial cells notch monocytes toward an alveolar macrophage fate.

The Journal of experimental medicine·2026

Same author

Multivalent Antibody-Recruiting Molecules for Targeted Immune-Killing of Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Expressing Cancer Cells.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Same author

Marker-Agnostic Tumor Anchoring Chimeras Enable pH-Gated Immune Engagement.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Same author

FAS-controlled T cells drive lymphoproliferation through glycolysis without effector differentiation.

Journal of human immunity·2026

Same journal

A viral ORFeome library for systems-level genetic dissection of host-pathogen interactions.

Cell·2026

Same journal

Co-option of lysosomal machinery shapes the evolution of the intracellular photosymbiosis supporting coral reefs.

Cell·2026

Same journal

LEF1 and niche factors determine T cell stemness across chronic diseases.

Cell·2026

Same journal

Recurrent patterns of TOP1-mediated neuronal genomic damage shared by major neurodegenerative disorders.

Cell·2026

Same journal

Four-dimensional molecular mapping from a spatial snapshot reveals the dynamics of hair follicle organogenesis.

Cell·2026

Same journal

Whole-cell particle-based digital twin simulations from 4D lattice light-sheet microscopy data.

Cell·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Published on: March 28, 2025

Mitochondrial Priming by CD28.

Ramon I Klein Geltink¹, David O'Sullivan¹, Mauro Corrado¹

¹Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.

|September 19, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

CD28 signaling is crucial for generating effective memory T cells by enhancing mitochondrial function and metabolic capacity. Without CD28, T cells become anergic and fail to respond to secondary antigen exposure.

Keywords:

CD28 CD8 T cells Cpt1a adoptive cellular immunotherapy costimulation memory T cells mir33 mitochondrial cristae remodeling mitochondrial morphology spare respiratory capacity

More Related Videos

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

Published on: October 19, 2021

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Published on: February 25, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

Published on: March 28, 2025

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

Published on: October 19, 2021

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1

Published on: February 25, 2016

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cellular Metabolism
Mitochondrial Biology

Background:

T cell receptor (TCR) signaling without CD28 co-stimulation generates anergic memory T cells.
Anergic T cells fail to respond to secondary antigen exposure, limiting protective immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of CD28 signaling in metabolic reprogramming of T cells during activation.
To understand how early CD28 signals influence the development of protective memory T cells.

Main Methods:

Flow cytometry to assess T cell activation and memory formation.
Mitochondrial assays to measure fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and spare respiratory capacity (SRC).
MicroRNA analysis to identify regulatory pathways involved in CD28 signaling.

Main Results:

CD28 signaling transiently upregulates carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (Cpt1a), enhancing mitochondrial FAO and SRC before cell division.
Absence of CD28 leads to attenuated Cpt1a expression, mediated by microRNA-33 (miR33), resulting in metabolic compromise.
Early CD28-dependent mitochondrial priming is essential for T cell cristae remodeling, SRC development, and rapid cytokine production upon restimulation.

Conclusions:

Initial CD28 signals are critical for priming T cell mitochondria, establishing latent metabolic capacity necessary for protective memory.
CD28-mediated metabolic programming is essential for developing functional memory T cells capable of robust secondary responses.