Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

8.2K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
8.2K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

5.9K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
5.9K
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

8.0K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
8.0K
The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

10.5K
The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
10.5K
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

7.3K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
7.3K
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

4.8K
Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
4.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A mathematical model of folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism in Down syndrome.

NPJ systems biology and applications·2026
Same author

Developmental Profile and Variability in Preschool-Age Children With Down Syndrome.

Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR·2026
Same author

One‑carbon pathway gene expression analyses in blood samples of subjects with trisomy 21.

Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry·2025
Same author

Metabolic and genetic imbalance of the homocysteine-methionine cycle in trisomy 21.

Physiological genomics·2025
Same author

Correction: Guarneri et al. Diagnostic Performance of PIVKA-II in Italian Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. <i>Cancers</i> 2025, <i>17</i>, 167.

Cancers·2025
Same author

Diagnostic Performance of PIVKA-II in Italian Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Cancers·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 22, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

12.1K

A molecular view of the normal human thyroid structure and function reconstructed from its reference transcriptome

Lorenza Vitale1, Allison Piovesan1, Francesca Antonaros1

  • 1Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, (DIMES), Unit of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126, Bologna, BO, Italy.

BMC Genomics
|September 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created a comprehensive gene expression map of the normal human thyroid. This thyroid transcriptome atlas provides a valuable reference for studying thyroid function and disease.

Keywords:
Gene expressionHuman chromosome 21Human thyroidIntegrated transcriptome mapMeta-analysis

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.1K
An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

21.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 22, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

12.1K
Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
05:41

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.1K
An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

21.7K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are crucial for development, particularly of the nervous system and heart.
  • A comprehensive, validated gene expression map of the normal human thyroid is currently lacking.
  • Such a map is essential for understanding thyroid transcriptome complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generate a quantitative, validated transcriptional atlas of the normal human thyroid.
  • To provide a detailed molecular-level view of thyroid histology and physiology.
  • To establish a reference for studying thyroid gene expression in relation to function and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic meta-analysis of 35 gene expression datasets from various sources.
  • Utilized Transcriptome Mapper (TRAM) software for data integration and normalization.
  • In vitro validation using Real-Time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Main Results:

  • Generated a quantitative transcriptome reference map for the normal human thyroid.
  • Included expression values for 27,275 mapped transcripts.
  • Achieved high correlation (r=0.93) between in silico and in vitro validation data.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a global gene expression profile of the normal human thyroid.
  • Highlights differential gene expression compared to non-thyroid tissues.
  • The validated human thyroid transcriptome map serves as a reference for molecular studies of thyroid physiology and pathology.