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Toward a conceptual framework for early brain and behavior development in autism.

J Piven^1,2, J T Elison³, M J Zylka^1,4

¹Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.

Molecular Psychiatry

|September 23, 2017

Summary

Autism features emerge in the second year of life, following early brain overgrowth in high-risk infants. Understanding these developmental changes is key for early autism intervention strategies.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Genetics

Background:

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) features manifest later in infancy.
Infant siblings of autistic individuals have elevated autism risk.
Early brain development patterns may predict later ASD diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the neurodevelopmental trajectory in infants at high risk for autism.
To establish a conceptual framework for early autism development.
To identify critical periods for intervention in autism.

Main Methods:

Longitudinal neuroimaging studies of high-risk infant siblings.
Analysis of brain development patterns (cortical surface area, brain volume).
Integration of genetic risk data and rodent models.

Main Results:

High-risk infants later diagnosed with autism show cortical hyper-expansion in year one.
Brain volume overgrowth occurs in year two, correlating with social deficits.
A model suggests disrupted neural progenitor proliferation and altered experience-dependent development.

Conclusions:

Autism development involves specific early-postnatal brain changes.
Disrupted neural development in infancy precedes overt autism symptoms.
Understanding infant brain development is crucial for early autism intervention.